Importance of Natura 2000 sites for wintering waterbirds: Low preference, species' distribution changes and carrying capacity of Natura 2000 could fail to protect the species

Musilová, Zuzana; Musil, Petr; Zouhar, Jan; Adam, Matyáš; Bejček, Vladimír

dc.title	Importance of Natura 2000 sites for wintering waterbirds: Low preference, species' distribution changes and carrying capacity of Natura 2000 could fail to protect the species	en
dc.contributor.author	Musilová, Zuzana
dc.contributor.author	Musil, Petr
dc.contributor.author	Zouhar, Jan
dc.contributor.author	Adam, Matyáš
dc.contributor.author	Bejček, Vladimír
dc.relation.ispartof	Biological Conservation
dc.identifier.issn	0006-3207 Scopus Sources, Sherpa/RoMEO, JCR
dc.date.issued	2018
utb.relation.volume	228
dc.citation.spage	79
dc.citation.epage	88
dc.type	article
dc.language.iso	en
dc.publisher	Elsevier
dc.identifier.doi	10.1016/j.biocon.2018.10.004
dc.relation.uri	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320718305536
dc.subject	Conservation policy	en
dc.subject	Changes in distribution	en
dc.subject	Protected areas	en
dc.subject	Volunteer monitoring	en
dc.subject	Wetlands	en
dc.subject	Wintering numbers	en
dc.description.abstract	Evaluating the species use of protected area networks is of considerable worldwide importance, especially as a feedback for policy-makers and the conservation community. Based on the data of an annual, citizen-science monitoring programme of long tradition (2004–2015), we test the hypothesis that the European Natura 2000 network protects high quality habitats preferentially settled by wintering waterbird species in a central European State (the Czech Republic). We analysed species-specific variables (protection status, flyway population trend and numbers, geographical distribution, and foraging guild) explaining the proportions of numbers in Natura 2000 and individual-species changes in numbers inside and outside Natura 2000. The proportions of numbers in individual species were generally low in Natura 2000 sites. The observed pattern revealed the expected higher preference of protected Annex I species for Natura 2000 sites compared to other species and showed foraging guilds having significant differences in Natura 2000 preference, with high preference in herbivores and fish-eaters and low preference in invertebrate-eaters compared to omnivores. Northern species also showed a high preference for Natura 2000. The predicted prevalence of a higher rate of increase, or lower rate of decrease, inside Natura 2000, indicating that Natura 2000 facilitated the species' distribution changes, was not shown; instead, the positive and negative trends inside Natura 2000 were almost equivalent. We concluded that the low preference for Natura 2000, the distribution changes shifting species outside Natura 2000, and limits to the carrying capacity of the protected network sites, could all make an issue in effectively safeguarding the non-breeding populations of waterbirds. The extension of the Natura 2000 network to facilitate their wintering requirements and distribution changes is therefore a high priority. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd	en
utb.faculty	Faculty of Logistics and Crisis Management
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10563/1008249
utb.identifier.obdid	43879215
utb.identifier.scopus	2-s2.0-85054836173
utb.identifier.wok	000452815200010
utb.identifier.coden	BICOB
utb.source	j-scopus
dc.date.accessioned	2018-11-01T09:32:10Z
dc.date.available	2018-11-01T09:32:10Z
dc.description.sponsorship	EHP-CZ02-OV-1-024-2015, EEA, European Environment Agency; IOS, Illinois Ornithology Society; IWC, Iowa Water Center, Iowa State University
dc.description.sponsorship	EEA grants project entitled "Monitoring of the status of species listed in the EU Nature Directives in Natura 2000 sites" [EHP-CZ02-OV-1-024-2015]
utb.contributor.internalauthor	Adam, Matyáš
utb.fulltext.affiliation	Zuzana Musilová a,* , Petr Musil a , Jan Zouhar a , Matyáš Adam a,b , Vladimír Bejček a a Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, CZ-165 21, Praha, Suchdol, Czechia b Department of Environmental Security, Faculty of Logistics and Crisis Management, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Studentské nám. 1532, CZ-686 01 Uherské Hradiště, Czechia * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. Musilová).
utb.fulltext.dates	Received 15 April 2018; Received in revised form 11 September 2018; Accepted 2 October 2018
utb.fulltext.references	Adam, M., Musilová, Z., Musil, P., Zouhar, J., Romportl, D., 2015. Long-term changes in habitat selection of wintering waterbirds: high importance of cold weather refuge sites. Acta Ornithol. 50, 127–138. Albuquerque, F.S., Assunção-Albuquerque, M.J.T., Cayuela, L., Zamora, R., Benito, B.M., 2013. European bird distribution is “well” represented by special protected areas: mission accomplished? Biol. Conserv. 159, 45–50. Amano, T., Székely, T., Sandel, B., Nagy, S., Mundkur, T., Langendoen, T., Blanco, D., Soykan, C.U., Sutherland, W.J., 2018. Successful conservation of global waterbird populations depends on effective governance. Nature 553, 199–202. Austin, G., Rehfisch, M.M., 2005. Shifting non-breeding distributions of migratory fauna in relation to climatic change. Glob. Chang. Biol. 11, 31–38. Bibby, C.J., Burgess, N.D., Hill, D.A., 1992. Bird Census Techniques. Academic Press, London. BirdLife International, 2015. European red list of birds – Supplementary material status. Accessible at: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/Species/erlob/summarypdfs, Accessed date: 15 January 2017. Brambilla, M., Bergero, V., Bassi, E., Falco, R., 2015. Current and future effectiveness of Natura 2000 network in the central Alps for the conservation of mountain forest owl species in a warming climate. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 61, 35–44. Briggs, B.D.J., Hill, D.A., Gosler, A.G., 2012. Habitat selection and waterbody-complex use by wintering Gadwall and Shoveler in South West London: implications for the designation and management of multi-site protected areas. J. Nat. Conserv. 20, 200–210. Cameron, A.C., Trivedi, P.K., 2005. Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press. Chape, S., Spalding, M., Jenkins, M.D. (Eds.), 2008. The World's Protected Areas: Status, Values and Prospects in the 21st Century. University of California Press. Chytil, J., Hakrová, P., Hudec, K., Jandová, J., Pellantová, J. (Eds.), 1999. Wetlands of the Czech Republic – Inventory of Wetlands in the Czech Republic. Czech Ramsar Committee, Mikulov, Czech Republic. Coetzee, B.W.T., Gaston, K.J., Chown, S.L., 2014. Local scale comparisons of biodiversity as a test for global protected area ecological performance: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 9, e105824. Dalby, L., Fox, A.D., Petersen, I.K., Delany, S., Svenning, J.-C., 2013. Temperature does not dictate the wintering distributions of European dabbling duck species. Ibis 155, 80–88. Delany, S.N., Scott, D.A., 2006. Wetlands International's Flyway Atlas series: establishing the geographical limits of waterbird populations. In: Boere, G.C., Galbraith, C.A., Stroud, D.A. (Eds.), Waterbirds Around the World. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, UK, pp. 574–581. Devictor, V., Godet, L., Julliard, R., Couvet, D., Jiguet, F., 2007. Can common species benefit from protected areas? Biol. Conserv. 139, 29–36. Donald, P.F., Sanderson, F.J., Burfield, I.J., Bierman, S.M., Gregory, R.D., Waliczky, Z., 2007. International conservation policy delivers benefits for birds in Europe. Science 317, 810–813. Evans, D.M., Day, K.R., 2001. Does shooting disturbance affect diving ducks wintering on large shallow lakes? A case study on Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland. Biol. Conserv. 98, 315–323. Fouque, C., Guillemain, M., Schricke, V., 2009. Trends in the numbers of Coot Fulica atra and wildfowl Anatidae wintering in France, and their relationship with hunting activity at wetland sites. Wildfowl 2, 42–59 (Special Issue). Fox, A.D., Ebbinge, B.S., Mitchell, C., Heinicke, T., Aarvak, T., Colhoun, K., Clausen, P., Dereliev, S., Faragó, S., Koffijberg, K., Kruckenberg, H., Loonen, J.E., Madsen, J., Mooij, J., Musil, P., Nilsson, L., Pihl, S., Van der Jeugd, H., 2010. Current estimates of goose population sizes in western Europe, a gap analysis and an assessment of trends. Ornis Svecica 20, 115–127. Fox, A.D., Caizergues, A., Banik, M.V., Devos, K., Dvorak, M., Ellermaa, M., Folliot, B., Green, A.J., Grüneberg, C., Guillemain, M., Håland, A., Hornman, M., Keller, V., Koshelev, A.I., Kostiushyn, V.A., Kozulin, A., Ławicki, Ł., Luiguijõe, L., Müller, C., Musil, P., Musilová, Z., Nilsson, L., Mischenko, A., Pöysä, H., Ščiban, M., Sjeničić, J., Stīpniece, A., Švažas, S., Wahl, J., 2016. Recent changes in the abundance of common Pochard Aythya ferina breeding in Europe. Wildfowl 66, 22–40. Gilissen, N., Haanstra, L., Delany, S., Boere, G., Hagemeijer, W., 2002. Numbers and distribution of wintering waterbirds in the Western Palearctic and Southwest Asia in 1987, 1988 and 1999. Results from the International Waterbird Census. In: Wetlands International Global Series No. 11 Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Gray, C.L., Hill, S.L.L., Newbold, T., Hudson, L.N., Börger, L., Contu, S., Hoskins, A.J., Ferrier, S., Purvis, A., Scharlemann, J.P.W., 2016. Local biodiversity is higher inside than outside terrestrial protected areas worldwide. Nat. Commun. 7, 12306. Guillemain, M., Hearn, R., 2017. Ready for climate change? Geographic trends in the protection status of critical sites for Western Palearctic ducks. Biodivers. Conserv. 26, 2347–2360. Guillemain, M., Pöysä, H., Fox, A.D., Arzel, C., Dessborn, L., Ekroos, J., Gunnarsson, G., Holm, T.E., Christensen, T.K., Lehikoinen, A., Mitchell, C., Rintala, J., Møller, A.P., 2013. Effects of climate change on European ducks: what do we know and what do we need to know? Wildl. Biol. 19, 404–419. Guillemain, M., Champagnon, J., Massez, G., Pernollet, C.A., George, T., Momerency, A., Simon, G., 2015. Becoming more sedentary? Changes in recovery positions of Mallard Anas platyrhynchos ringed in the Camargue, France, over the last 50 years. Wild 65, 51–63. Hair Jr., J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Black, W.C., 1995. Multivariate Data Analysis, 3rd edition. Macmillan, New York. Hannah, L., 2010. A global conservation system for climate-change adaptation. Conserv. Biol. 24, 70–77. Heath, M.F., Evans, M.I., Hoccom, D.G., Payne, A.J., Peet, N.B., 2000. Important Bird Areas in Europe: Priority Sites for Conservation. Vol. 1 BirdLife International. Hiley, J.R., Bradbury, R.B., Holling, M., Thomas, C.D., 2013. Protected areas act as establishment centres for species colonizing the UK. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. Sci. 280, 2012–2310. Jenkins, C.N., Joppa, L., 2009. Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system. Biol. Conserv. 142, 2166–2174. Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A.M., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E., Jiguet, F., Thomas, C.D., Cook, A.S.C.P., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Rehfisch, M.M., Roos, S., Thaxter, C.B., Brown, A., Crick, H.Q.P., Douse, A., McCall, R.A., Pontier, H., Stroud, D.A., Cadiou, B., Crowe, O., Deceuninck, B., Hornman, M., Pearce-Higgins, J.W., 2013. Observed and predicted effects of climate change on species abundance in protected areas. Nat. Clim. Chang. 3, 1055–1061. Jørgensen, P.S., Böhning-Gaese, K., Thorup, K., Tøttrup, A.P., Chylarecki, P., Jiguet, F., Lehikoinen, A., Noble, D.G., Reif, J., Schmid, H., van Turnhout, C., Burfield, I.J., Foppen, R., Voříšek, P., van Strien, A., Gregory, R.D., Rahbek, C., 2016. Continent-scale global change attribution in European birds - combining annual and decadal time scales. Glob. Chang. Biol. 22, 530–543. Kear, J., 2005. Ducks, Geese and Swans: General Chapters, Species Accounts (Anhima to Salvadorina). Oxford University Press. Kirby, J.S., Stattersfield, A.J., Butchart, S.H.M., Evans, M.I., Grimmett, R.F.A., Jones, V.R., O'Sullivan, J., Tucker, G.M., Newton, I., 2008. Key conservation issues for migratory land- and waterbird species on the world's major flyways. Bird Conserv. Int. 18, S49–S73. Kukkala, A.S., Santangeli, A., Butchart, S.H.M., Maiorano, L., Ramirez, I., Burfield, I.J., Moilanen, A., 2016. Coverage of vertebrate species distributions by important bird and biodiversity areas and special protection areas in the European Union. Biol. Conserv. 202, 1–9. Lehikoinen, A., Jaatinen, K., Vähätalo, A.V., Clausen, P., Crowe, O., Deceuninck, B., Hearn, R., Holt, C.A., Hornman, M., Keller, V., Nilsson, L., Langendoen, T., Tománková, I., Wahl, J., Fox, A.D., 2013. Rapid climate driven shifts in wintering distributions of three common waterbird species. Glob. Chang. Biol. 19, 2071–2081. Lemoine, N., Bauer, H.G., Peintinger, M., Böhning-Gaese, K., 2007. Effects of climate and land-use change on species abundance in a central European bird community. Conserv. Biol. 21, 495–503. López-López, P., García-Ripollés, C., Soutullo, Á., Cadahía, L., Urios, V., 2007. Are important bird areas and special protected areas enough for conservation?: the case of Bonelli's eagle in a Mediterranean area. Biodivers. Conserv. 16, 3755–3780. Lovvorn, J.R., Richman, S.E., Grebmeier, J.M., Cooper, L.W., 2003. Diet and body condition of spectacled eiders wintering in pack ice of the Bering Sea. Polar Biol. 26, 259–267. Maclean, I.M.D., Austin, G.E., Rehfisch, M.M., Blew, J., Crowe, O., Delany, S., Devos, K., Deceuninck, B., Günther, K., Laursen, K., Van Roomen, M., Wahl, J., 2008. Climate change causes rapid changes in the distribution and site abundance of birds in winter. Glob. Chang. Biol. 14, 2489–2500. Madsen, J., Cracknell, G., Fox, A.D., 1999. Goose Populations of the Western Palearctic: A Review of Status and Distribution. National Environmental Research Institute, Rønde. Maiorano, L., Falcucci, A., Garton, E.O., Boitani, L., 2017. Contribution of the Natura 2000 network to biodiversity conservation in Italy. Conserv. Biol. 21, 1433–1444. Musil, P., Musilová, Z., Fuchs, R., Poláková, S., 2011. Long-term changes in numbers and distribution of wintering waterbirds in the Czech Republic, 1966–2008. Bird Study 58, 450–460. Musilová, Z., Musil, P., Zouhar, J., Bejček, V., Šťastný, K., Hudec, K., 2014. Numbers of wintering waterbirds in the Czech Republic: long-term and spatial-scale approaches to assess population size. Bird Study 61, 321–331. Musilová, Z., Musil, P., Zouhar, J., Romportl, D., 2015. Long-term trends, total numbers and species richness of increasing waterbird populations at sites on the edge of their winter range: cold-weather refuge sites are more important than protected sites. J. Ornithol. 156, 923–932. Musilová, Z., Musil, P., Zouhar, J., Adam, M., 2018. Changes in habitat suitability influence non-breeding distribution of waterbirds in central Europe. Ibis 160, 582–596. Newton, I., 2007. The Migration Ecology of Birds, 1 edition. Academic Press, Amsterdam. Newton, I., 2013. Bird Populations. William Collins. Pannekoek, J., van Strien, A.J., 2005. TRIM 3 Manual (TRends and Indices for Monitoring Data). Statistics Netherlands, Voorburg, The Netherlands. Pavón-Jordán, D., Fox, A.D., Clausen, P., Dagys, M., Deceuninck, B., Devos, K., Hearn, R.D., Holt, C.A., Hornman, M., Keller, V., Langendoen, T., Ławicki, Ł., Lorentsen, S.H., Luigujõe, L., Meissner, W., Musil, P., Nilsson, L., Paquet, J.-Y., Stipniece, A., Stroud, D.A., Wahl, J., Zenatello, M., Lehikoinen, A., 2015. Climate-driven changes in winter abundance of a migratory waterbird in relation to EU protected areas. Divers. Distrib. 21, 571–582. Pellissier, V., Touroult, J., Julliard, R., Siblet, J.P., Jiguet, F., 2013. Assessing the Natura 2000 network with a common breeding birds survey. Anim. Conserv. 16, 566–574. Podhrázský, M., Musil, P., Musilová, Z., Zouhar, J., Adam, M., Závora, J., Hudec, K., 2017. Central European Greylag Geese Anser anser show a shortening of migration distance and earlier spring arrival over 60 years. Ibis 159, 352–365. Pullin, A.S., 2002. Conservation Biology. Cambridge University Press. Ramo, C., Amat, J.A., Nilsson, L., Schricke, V., Rodríguez-Alonso, M., Gómez-Crespo, E., Jubete, F., Navedo, J.G., Masero, J.A., Palacios, J., Boos, M., Green, A.J., 2015. Latitudinal-related variation in wintering population trends of greylag geese (Anser Anser) along the Atlantic flyway: a response to climate change? PLoS One 10, e0140181. Ridgill, S.C., Fox, A.D., 1990. Cold Weather Movements of Waterfowl in Western Europe. International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau. Rodrigues, A.S.L., Andelman, S.J., Bakarr, M.I., Boitani, L., Brooks, T.M., Cowling, R.M., Fishpool, L.D.C., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Gaston, K.J., Hoffmann, M., Long, J.S., Marquet, P.A., Pilgrim, J.D., Pressey, R.L., Schipper, J., Sechrest, W., Stuart, S.N., Underhill, L.G., Waller, R.W., Watts, M.E.J., Yan, X., 2004. Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428, 640–643. Rogerson, P.A., 2001. Statistical Methods for Geography. Sage, London. Rose, P. (Ed.), 1995. Western Palearctic and South West Asia Waterfowl Census 1994. IWRB, Slimbridge. Schummer, M.L., Kaminski, R.M., Raedeke, A.H., Graber, D.A., 2010. Weather-related indices of autumn-winter dabbling duck abundance in middle North America. J. Wildl. Manag. 74, 94–101. Sinclair, A.R.E., Fryxell, J.M., Caughley, G., 2006. Wildlife Ecology, Conservation and Management. Wiley. Smart, J., Wotton, S.R., Dillon, I.A., Cooke, A.I., Diack, I., Drewitt, A.L., Grice, P.V., Gregory, R.D., 2014. Synergies between site protection and agri-environment schemes for the conservation of waders on lowland wet grasslands. Ibis 156, 576–590. Snow, D.W., Perrins, C.M., 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic: Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press. Soldaat, L., Visser, H., Van Roomen, M., Van Strien, A., 2007. Smoothing and trend detection in waterbird monitoring data using structural time-series analysis and the Kalman filter. J. Ornithol. 148 (Suppl. 2), 351–357. Šťastný, K., Hudec, K. (Eds.), 2016. Fauna ČR. Ptáci. 1 Academia, Praha (790 pp). Stillman, R.A., Moore, J.J., Woolmer, A.P., Murphy, M.D., Walker, P., Vanstaen, K.R., Palmer, D., Sanderson, W.G., 2010. Assessing waterbird conservation objectives: an example for the burry inlet, UK. Biol. Conserv. 143, 2617–2630. Sutherland, W.J., Newton, I., Green, R., 2004. Bird Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press. Thomas, C.D., Gillingham, P.K., 2015. The performance of protected areas for biodiversity under climate change. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 115, 718–730. Thomas, C.D., Gillingham, P.K., Bradbury, R.B., Roy, D.B., Anderson, B.J., Baxter, J.M., Bourn, N.A.D., Crick, H.Q.P., Findon, R.A., Fox, R., Hodgson, J.A., Holt, A.R., Morecroft, M.D., O'Hanlon, N.J., Oliver, T.H., Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Procter, D.A., Thomas, J.A., Walker, K.J., Walmsley, C.A., Wilson, R.J., Hill, J.K., 2012. Protected areas facilitate species' range expansions. PNAS 109, 14063–14068. van Eerden, M.R., Drent, R.H., Stahl, J., Bakker, J.P., 2005. Connecting seas: western Palaearctic continental flyway for water birds in the perspective of changing land use and climate. Glob. Chang. Biol. 11, 894–908. Vickery, J., Gill, J., 1999. Managing grassland for wild geese in Britain: a review. Biol. Conserv. 89, 93–106. Wetlands International, 2017. Waterbird population estimates. wpe.wetlands.org, Accessed date: 21 January 2017. Wooldridge, J.M., 2010. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. MIT Press.
utb.fulltext.sponsorship	We are highly grateful to the hundreds of volunteers and regional coordinators who have been involved in waterbird counts. Moreover, our thanks are due to the Czech Society for Ornithology for help with organizing the IWC in the Czech Republic. Our thanks also go to Aleksi Lehikoinen, Anthony D. Fox, Michael W. Eichholz, Diégo Pavón-Jordán and anonymous reviewers, whose comments greatly improved previous versions of the manuscript. We are also grateful to Steve Ridgill, Michael W. Eichholz and Adéla Šenkýřová for language improvement. This study was supported by the EEA grants project EHP-CZ02-OV-1-024-2015 entitled “Monitoring of the status of species listed in the EU Nature Directives in Natura 2000 sites”.
utb.wos.affiliation	[Musilova, Zuzana; Musil, Petr; Zouhar, Jan; Adam, Matyas; Bejcek, Vladimir] Czech Univ Life Sci, Fac Environm Sci, Kamycka 129, CZ-16521 Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic; [Adam, Matyas] Tomas Bata Univ Zlin, Dept Environm Secur, Fac Logist & Crisis Management, Studentske Nam 1532, CZ-68601 Uherske Hradiste, Czech Republic
utb.scopus.affiliation	Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, Praha CZ-165 21, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Security, Faculty of Logistics and Crisis Management, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Studentské nám. 1532, Uherské Hradiště, CZ-686 01, Czech Republic
utb.fulltext.projects	EHP-CZ02-OV-1-024-2015